Electronic Components That Breakdown When Under
Full Operating Voltage
Have you ever come across any case where
you could not locate the fault even if you have already spent
countless hours in repairing the equipment? In order for you to
easily understand the question above, let’s take this as an
example. You have confirmed and very sure that the power primary
side is having problem after done some test but you just could not
find out the faulty parts. You have checked every single component
on it and even the power IC you have replaced and yet the equipment
still won’t work and in some cases the main fuse may blow too. You
are wondering why after learned so many tips and techniques about
electronic repair and still not be able to solve the problem? You
never give up and continue to recheck again all the electronic
components and do all sort of testing and at the end the equipment
still would not work. Frustration and giving up are the only words
that are playing in your mind. Let me tell you my friend; don’t
give up as there is hope to solve this kind of problem.
For your information, the scenario above
does not limit only to power section, it could also happen in any
kind of electronic circuits such as vertical, horizontal, color,
high voltage and etc. The reason why you can’t locate the faulty
parts is because those electronic components were breaking down
when under full load or operating voltage. That’s mean, if no
appropriate voltage or signal applies to the components, it will
test good or check to be okay with your multimeter (analog or
digital) or with any kind of testers that you have for the
components you want to test. If a full operating voltage and signal
applies to the components (just when you switched on the
equipment), the components will start to behave strangely such as
shorted, open or even leaky and this is what we call as “electronic
components that breakdown when under full operating
voltage”.
Okay let’s talk about the bridge
rectifier first. I myself encountered few before many years back
where the bridge rectifier tested good with an analog multimeter
(set to x 10 k ohm range) but when the power was switched “On” the
main fuse blow immediately. Checking the surrounding components
found no trace of any shorted components in the primary and
secondary side. So I decided to replace the bridge even though it
tested good with my meter, to my surprised the Monitor works. I
began to examine the faulty bridge rectifier again but now test
with a digital meter. The result that I got was still showing good!
No wonder in the market there are companies that sell a special
tester just for checking diodes. Our normal meters just don’t have
enough capability to check all kind of diodes. Fortunately this
kind of problem doesn’t happen very frequent. For your information,
a defective posistor in Monitors also can cause similar problem.
The best is to direct replace the posistor and retest the Monitor
again. In order to avoid the fuse from blowing again, you can
always connect a 100 watt light bulb in series with the fuse holder
(the fuse has to be removed).
Do you believe that CRT yoke coil can
also breakdown when under full load? Yes, I came across couples of
CRT yoke coil that check good with the flyback tester (showing 7-8
LED bars) but failed when the Monitor was turned “On”. The display
that I saw was a narrow picture (horizontally) and curved inward.
First I thought it was some other circuits (like a faulty B+ and
horizontal size circuit) that causing the picture to curve inward.
After spending countless hours and still can’t find out the fault,
I swapped the CRT. You would not believe, the picture worked
perfectly fine! What I do, I removed the CRT yoke coil and found a
slight burnt mark at the edge of one of the internal winding. You
can’t see it from outside, you have to remove it in order to see
the inside winding. I was very happy and this kind of discovery
really opened my eyes that every electronic component can have the
possibility to breakdown when under full load.
Next is the main filter capacitor, the
normal value use in Monitors SMPS power supply is 220 microfarad
400 volt. It has the exact same symptom as when the bridge
breakdown which is the fuse will blow when the Monitor is switched
“ON”. Checking the faulty filter capacitor with analog, capacitance
or even with ESR meter won’t reveal any signs of a capacitor
failure. Only by using an insulation tester I could clearly see
that the panel shows a shorted reading when the ready button in
insulation tester was pressed. This type of faulty electrolytic
capacitor only can be detected when few hundreds volts (not more
than 400 volts) applied across it.
Flyback transformer- Using just a
flyback tester to test the flyback primary winding can’t 100%
guarantee that a flyback can work when under full load. I’ve seen
flybacks that test good but failed when the Monitor was turned
“ON”. Although the flyback breakdown when under full load was not
very common, once in a while I do come across some! The flyback
primary winding checks good but when the Monitor was turned “On”
the power supply just cycles (the output voltage going up and
down). When a new flyback was installed, the Monitor works
normally. If you read my previous article, you will know that I’m
using a light bulb to confirm whether the flyback primary winding
is okay or not.
Variable resistor (VR) and preset will
only give problem when after few years in service. If lots of dust
accumulates in the internal area of the variable resistor, it can
create intermittent problem or even breakdown when under load.
Since variable resistor is easy to get and cheap, you just have to
direct replace them if you suspect the VR is the cause of the
problem. Intermittent VR problems also mentioned in my previous
article please refer to it for more information.
Integrated circuit (IC) just like other
semiconductor devices can breakdown when under full operating
voltage. You can’t test an IC with a normal tester and if you
suspect that the IC is giving problem, you just have to replace it.
I still could recall many years back that a Compaq Monitor with the
model of V500, the horizontal and vertical oscillator IC always
breakdown when after “On” for couples of hours. The bottom display
always curls or flips up when the IC is hot. Replacing only the IC
solved the Monitor problem. And the fact was the whole batch of
this model that used this IC gave the same problem. Since we knew
that the new replacement IC won’t last long, we apply heat compound
on top of the IC and place a small aluminum shielding on top of the
compound so that the IC would not be affected by the heat generated
by the Monitor.
Resistors too will breakdown when full
voltage is applied across it. If a resistor color band have fade
and have rusty leads, I suggest to you to direct replace the
resistor in order to avoid unnecessary problem that can happen in
the equipment you are repairing. It may check okay with your
multimeter but breakdown when under full load. I have a repair
friend who told me that he came across start up resistors in the
SMPS power supply section that failed when the equipment was “ON”.
After directly replace the start up resistors, the equipment was
restored to normal operation. He also told me that the problem
happened to the whole batch of that equipment. In other words, he
changed all the start up resistors in that particular model of
equipment.
If you use your normal meter to confirm
whether a diode is good or not, you better think twice as I’ve seen
silicon diodes that failed when full load was applied on it. I’m
not to say you can’t use a multi meter to check a diode, but just
that don’t fully hundred percent trust the reading that you
measured on the diode. I too use a normal analog meter to check a
diode but you need to discern the reading. Let’s put this as an
example, if you have confirmed that the vertical section is the
cause of the display problem and you have checked all the
surrounding components on the section and still can’t locate the
faulty part. Then this is the right time to change one by one all
of the components in the vertical section which includes the
diodes! Who knows may be after changing the diodes the display gets
back to normal. I personally came across Monitors that have power
cycling problem solved by directly changing the fast recovery diode
in the primary section of power supply.
Optoisolator IC can breakdown too when
full voltage and signal is applied on it. Carefully observe the IC
leads because it can have a rusted leads just like a resistor. It
may check good with your meter the LED and the phototransistor, but
failed when the Monitor is turned “ON”.
I believe many of you already own ESR
meter to check electrolytic capacitor, but do you know that
sometimes you may missed a bad cap. I encountered a Monitor where
the display pincushion out when the Monitor gets hot. I have
scanned the e-cap at the pincushion circuit with ESR meter but just
could not locate the fault. The e-cap tested good with ESR meter.
There was only one e-cap in that circuit. Only by directly
replacing the e-cap, the problem solved. I used analog, digital
capacitance and ESR meter to compare the good and the bad one but
the reading looks the same on all meters. In other words, if you
feel that the component is the cause of the problem, just directly
replace it even though you have the best tester in the
world!
Small capacitors like the ceramic, mica,
ceramic resin, and etc also have the tendency to breakdown when
under load. One of the most common type that breakdown in Monitor
is the ceramic resin type. It checks good with analog and a digital
capacitance meter but immediately fail when the Monitor was turned
“On”. This cap is located at the G2 line at the CRT board. It will
usually cause no display symptom but with high voltage. Directly
replace the capacitor surely solve the problem. Be aware that a
missing heater voltage or a defective may cause similar problem
too. If the G2 voltage still remain low even though the screen
voltage at flyback transformer already set to the highest-suspect
this ceramic resin cap. By the way if you come across those small
caps that had darkened body, I recommend you to change it even
though it shows a good reading checked by your meter. Think about
it, if the ceramic resin capacitor can breakdown in the G2 line
when under full voltage, it can also breakdown in other electronic
circuit too. If you repair LCD Monitor you will know as the ballast
capacitor located near the lamps connector are using ceramic resin
type capacitor as well.
Transistors just like any other
electronic components may turn faulty when full voltage or signal
are applied across it.
Using freezer/coolant and a hairdryer will usually find out faulty
transistors in electronic circuit. Among all the electronic
components, the highest breakdown was the transistors.
Do you believe that even a voltage
regulator also can breakdown when under load. There was one case in
this Gateway EV700A Monitor where the problem was power blinking. I
thought it was power supply fault but turned out to be a defective
in the voltage regulator located at the secondary side. The voltage
regulator was supplying 5 Volts to the CPU and if this voltage
cycles the CPU will send a feedback through an optoisolator
eventually causing the power supply to cycle too. Measuring with
meter you get the 5 volts output from the 7805 voltage regulator
(with the output pin disconnect from the circuit-off circuit), if
you connect a 12 volts automobile light bulb as a load the voltage
will drop to about 1-2 volt! A good one will cause the light bulb
to lit and have a steady 5 volts output.
SMPS- The reason I write switch mode
power transformer (SMPS) last is because I’ve never come across any
of the SMPS transformer that breakdown when under full load from
the first day I join electronic repair line until now. It is either
shorted or in working condition so far that I have came across. May
be some of my readers have experienced before a SMPS that breakdown
when under full load. I won’t be surprise if you tell me that SMPS
can breakdown under load because it is just like other electronic
components. It can have the possibility to breakdown due to bad
insulation caused by the heat generated by the transformer itself.
May be one day I may experience it!
Conclusion- After reading the above
article, I guess you will have higher chances to successfully
repair equipment. Don’t give up on repair easily; try directly
change the suspected component first even though the component
tested good by your faithful meters. I know that every electronic
repairer should trust their meter but somehow, sometime the
electronic components just need to be replaced to see if the
circuit work again. Electronic components that breakdown when under
load although might not happen to every equipment, it can happen to
any equipment! One more thing I would like to let you know is that
there is no best or 100% perfect tester to check electronic
components. The best tester is still the equipment itself. For
example if you want to be sure that the flyback transformer is 100
% working, the best is to install it in the Monitor itself and
switch it “On”. The Monitor will test the flyback primary winding,
secondary windings, internal diodes, internal capacitor, flyback
divider and etc. If the flyback breakdown it will show you a sign
like arcing, blur or even shutdown. Hope you get what I mean. Okay,
that’s all for it. May there be many blessing to you and family.
Have a great and a wonderful day!
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